Charles Dickens wrote and published A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost Story of Christmas in December 1843, completing the manuscript in just six weeks. Prompted by urgent financial pressure and a deep anger at the widespread po...

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, first published in 1818 when the author was only nineteen, emerged from a famous ghost-story challenge issued during a rainy summer in 1816 at the Villa Diodati near Lake Geneva, where She...

Candide, ou l’Optimisme (1759) is a satirical novella by the French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire, written in response to the devastating Lisbon earthquake of 1755 and the optimistic philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz, popularized by...

Animal Farm, published in 1945 by George Orwell, is a satirical novella that serves as an allegorical critique of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent rise of Stalinism, using a seemingly simple tale of barnyard animals who overthr...

Thomas More’s Utopia, published in Latin in 1516, emerged from the intellectual ferment of Renaissance humanism and More’s own complex life as a lawyer, scholar, and eventual Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII. Framed as a conversation in Antwerp...

The Phaedo is one of Plato's Socratic dialogues, written around 360 BCE, which recounts the final hours of the philosopher Socrates before his execution by hemlock poisoning in Athens in 399 BCE. Set in Socrates' prison cell, the dialogue is na...

The Book of Revelation, the final book of the New Testament, was written by the apostle John, traditionally identified as John the Evangelist, around 95-96 AD while he was exiled on the island of Patmos. Addressed to seven churches in Asia Mino...

The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg), published in 1924 by German author Thomas Mann, is a landmark novel of modernist literature, set in a Swiss tuberculosis sanatorium in the years before World War I. Drawing on Mann’s own experience visiting ...

"Romeo and Juliet", written by William Shakespeare around 1594–1596, is one of the most enduring tragedies in English literature, first published in a 1597 quarto edition. Likely inspired by Arthur Brooke’s 1562 poem "The Tragical History of Ro...

"The Trial", written by Franz Kafka between 1914 and 1915 and published posthumously in 1925, is a seminal work of modernist literature, reflecting Kafka’s preoccupation with absurdity, bureaucracy, and existential dread. Set in an unnamed city...

"Ulysses", written by Irish novelist James Joyce and first published in its entirety in 1922, is a modernist masterpiece that chronicles a single day—June 16, 1904—in the lives of Leopold Bloom, Stephen Dedalus, and Molly Bloom in Dublin, Irela...

The Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest known works of literature, originates from ancient Mesopotamia, likely composed around 2100 BCE in Sumerian, with later Akkadian versions, notably the Standard Babylonian version from the 13th–10th centu...

Wuthering Heights, by Emily BrontëWuthering Heights, published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, is Emily Brontë’s only novel and a cornerstone of English literature, renowned for its dark, passionate exploration of love, revenge,...

Madame Bovary, published in 1856 by Gustave Flaubert, is a seminal French novel that follows the life of Emma Bovary, a young woman trapped in a stifling marriage to Charles Bovary, a dull and unambitious country doctor. Disenchanted with her p...

In 1831, a young French aristocrat named Alexis de Tocqueville arrived in the United States, tasked with studying its prison system. What began as a narrow mission blossomed into a profound exploration of American democracy, captured in his sem...

All Quiet on the Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque and published in 1929, is a seminal anti-war novel set during World War I, drawing from the author’s own experiences as a German soldier. Narrated by Paul Bäumer, a young soldier, ...

Le Morte d'Arthur, written by Sir Thomas Malory in the late 15th century, is a seminal work of English literature that compiles and reimagines the Arthurian legends, drawing heavily from earlier French and English sources. Completed around 1470...

War and Peace, written by Leo Tolstoy and published serially between 1865 and 1869, is a monumental Russian novel that intertwines historical events with the lives of fictional characters during Napoleon’s invasion of Russia from 1805 to 1820. ...

The Importance of Being Earnest, a comedic play by Oscar Wilde, premiered in 1895 in London and is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of Victorian satire. Subtitled "A Trivial Comedy for Serious People," the play is a sharp-witted fa...

Ivanhoe, written by Sir Walter Scott and published in 1819, is a historical novel set in late 12th-century England during the reign of Richard I, a time marked by tension between the conquering Normans and the dispossessed Saxons. Often regarde...

The Hound of the Baskervilles, written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and published in 1902, is one of the most famous novels featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes and his loyal companion, Dr. John Watson. Set against the eerie backdrop of the Dev...

The Tempest, written by William Shakespeare around 1610–1611, is one of his final plays and a quintessential romance, blending elements of tragedy, comedy, and the supernatural. Likely first performed at the Blackfriars Theatre or the Globe in ...

Moby-Dick, published in 1851 by Herman Melville, is a landmark American novel that follows the obsessive quest of Captain Ahab, a whaling ship commander, to seek revenge on Moby Dick, a formidable white sperm whale that previously bit off his l...

The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850 by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a classic American novel set in the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1640s. It explores themes of sin, guilt, and redemption through the story of Hester Prynne, a young...

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, written by Mark Twain and published in 1876, is a classic American novel set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, along the Mississippi River in the 1840s. Drawing from Twain’s own childhood in Hannib...